The primary goal of wastewater treatment is to remove contaminants, pollutants, and harmful substances from wastewater to make it safe for discharge into the environment or reuse.

Sedimentation is a primary treatment process that allows solids to settle out of wastewater through gravity, removing suspended particles and impurities.

In the activated sludge process, microorganisms, primarily bacteria, consume and break down organic matter in wastewater, converting it into simpler compounds.

A trickling filter is a biological treatment process where wastewater is passed over a bed of rocks or plastic media, providing a surface for microbial growth and biofilm formation, which aids in the breakdown of organic matter.

Chlorination is a widely used disinfection method in wastewater treatment, involving the addition of chlorine or chlorine-based compounds to kill pathogenic microorganisms.

Tertiary treatment is an advanced treatment process that aims to remove dissolved solids, nutrients, and other contaminants from wastewater, typically using processes like filtration, reverse osmosis, or ion exchange.

Effluent discharge refers to the process of releasing treated wastewater back into the environment, typically into a receiving water body like a river, lake, or ocean.

Sludge from wastewater treatment plants contains various microorganisms, including pathogens, which can pose a health risk if not properly managed and disposed of to prevent their transmission.

Landfilling is a widely used method for sludge disposal, involving the placement of sludge in designated landfills, where it is compacted and covered to minimize environmental impacts.

Sludge utilization refers to the process of converting sludge into a usable product, such as fertilizer, soil amendment, or energy source, through various methods like composting, anaerobic digestion, or incineration.

Stormwater management in urban areas primarily aims to reduce flooding by controlling the flow and volume of stormwater runoff, preventing damage to infrastructure and properties.

Green roofs, permeable pavements, detention ponds, and constructed wetlands are all commonly used stormwater management techniques that help reduce runoff, improve water quality, and mitigate flooding.

A combined sewer system is designed to collect and convey both stormwater runoff and wastewater through a single network of pipes to a wastewater treatment plant for treatment.

Combined sewer systems can lead to increased risk of flooding, higher treatment costs due to larger volumes of water to be treated, and reduced water quality during heavy rainfall events when untreated wastewater may be discharged directly into water bodies.

Sewer separation involves constructing separate networks of pipes for stormwater and wastewater, allowing for more effective management and treatment of both types of flows.