The Upanishads, part of the Vedas, are renowned for their profound insights into the nature of reality, consciousness, and the self, leaving an enduring mark on Western philosophical discourse.

The concept of 'maya' in Indian philosophy, referring to the illusory nature of the material world, bears similarities to the Idealist school of Western thought, which emphasizes the primacy of consciousness and ideas over physical reality.

The concept of 'karma' in Indian philosophy, where actions have moral consequences, aligns with the Deontological ethical theory in Western thought, which emphasizes the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of their outcomes.

Advaita Vedanta, propounded by Adi Shankara, is a prominent Indian philosophical school that advocates the non-dualistic nature of reality, asserting the fundamental unity of the individual self (Atman) and the universal consciousness (Brahman).

The concept of 'moksha' in Indian philosophy, aiming for liberation from the cycle of rebirth and suffering, finds parallels in the Buddhist concept of 'Nirvana', which represents the ultimate state of enlightenment and freedom from worldly attachments.

Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, was an Indian philosopher, economist, and political strategist whose writings on statecraft and ethics, particularly his treatise 'Arthashastra', had a profound impact on Western thinkers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

The concept of 'ahimsa' in Indian philosophy, advocating non-violence and compassion towards all living beings, has significantly influenced the development of Pacifism as an ethical movement in the West, promoting peaceful resolutions to conflicts and advocating against violence.

Bhakti Yoga, a prominent school of Indian philosophy, places great emphasis on personal experience, devotion, and emotional connection with the divine as a means of attaining spiritual knowledge and liberation.

The concept of 'dharma' in Indian philosophy encompasses a wide range of meanings, including moral duty, religious obligations, social responsibilities, and the inherent nature of things, encompassing various aspects of an individual's life and conduct.

Jnana Yoga, a prominent school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of knowledge and rational inquiry as a means of attaining spiritual liberation, seeking to understand the true nature of reality through intellectual exploration and contemplation.

The concept of 'samsara' in Indian philosophy refers to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, which individuals seek to break free from in order to attain spiritual liberation and enlightenment.

Karma Yoga, a prominent school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of selfless action and service to others as a means of spiritual development, promoting the idea that individuals should perform their duties without attachment to the fruits of their labor.

The concept of 'atman' in Indian philosophy refers to the individual self, the essential and unchanging essence of a person, which is distinct from the physical body and the mind.

Raja Yoga, a prominent school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of meditation and spiritual practices, such as pranayama (breath control) and dhyana (meditation), as a means of attaining spiritual liberation and controlling the mind.

The concept of 'brahman' in Indian philosophy refers to the universal consciousness, the ultimate reality that is the source of all existence and is beyond the limitations of time, space, and form.