Customary international law is the primary source of international law and consists of norms that have been accepted by states as legally binding through a consistent pattern of behavior.

Treaties play a crucial role in international law by creating legally binding obligations between states, codifying customary international law, and providing a framework for resolving disputes.

The main differences between monist and dualist approaches to international law lie in their views on the relationship between international law and domestic law, the supremacy of international law, and the role of international organizations and states.

Customary international law is derived from state practice, opinio juris (the belief that a practice is legally binding), and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations.

The doctrine of stare decisis in international law requires courts to follow precedents set by higher courts, promotes consistency and predictability in judicial decisions, and allows courts to depart from precedents in certain circumstances.

International organizations play a crucial role in the development and enforcement of international law by providing a forum for states to negotiate and adopt treaties, monitoring compliance with international law, and providing technical assistance to states in implementing international law.

The effective application of international law faces challenges such as the lack of a centralized enforcement mechanism, the principle of state sovereignty, and the diversity of legal systems among states.

In a monist system, international law is automatically incorporated into domestic law, prevails over domestic law in case of conflict, and domestic courts are required to interpret domestic law in conformity with international law.

The principle of reciprocity in international law requires states to treat each other in a similar manner, are entitled to the same benefits and obligations under international law, and are required to cooperate with each other in good faith.

Judicial decisions can contribute to the formation of customary international law, clarify and interpret existing international law, and provide guidance to states on how to implement international law.

In international law, the terms 'treaty' and 'convention' are often used interchangeably and do not have distinct legal meanings.

The principle of pacta sunt servanda in international law requires that treaties must be observed and performed in good faith, states are bound by the terms of treaties they have entered into, and treaties can only be modified or terminated by mutual consent of the parties.

International law plays a crucial role in resolving disputes between states by providing a framework for negotiation and mediation, establishing rules and procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes, and providing mechanisms for enforcing compliance with international law.

The principle of non-intervention in international law prohibits states from interfering in the internal affairs of other states, requires them to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other states, and does not allow them to use force against other states without authorization from the United Nations Security Council.

International law plays a vital role in protecting human rights by establishing universal standards for the protection of human rights, providing mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing human rights obligations, and promoting cooperation among states in addressing human rights issues.