Wave action is the primary cause of coastal erosion, as the constant pounding of waves against the shoreline gradually wears away the land.

Catastrophic erosion is a type of coastal erosion that involves the sudden collapse of large sections of the coastline, often triggered by extreme weather events or seismic activity.

Longshore drift is the process by which sediment is transported along the coastline by waves and currents, resulting in the formation of beaches and sandbars.

Urban development, particularly the construction of coastal infrastructure such as seawalls and jetties, can disrupt natural sediment transport patterns and exacerbate coastal erosion.

Beach nourishment involves replenishing a beach with sand to combat erosion and restore its natural profile.

Spits are coastal features formed by the erosion of headlands and the deposition of sediment in adjacent bays, resulting in a narrow strip of land that extends from the mainland.

Cliff stabilization involves implementing measures to prevent further erosion of cliff faces, such as the installation of rock armor or vegetation.

Sea stacks are coastal features formed by the erosion of a headland, leaving a small island of rock isolated from the mainland.

Dune restoration involves restoring dunes to their natural state to enhance coastal protection, as dunes act as natural barriers against storm surges and erosion.

Deltas are coastal features formed by the deposition of sediment at the mouth of a river, creating a triangular-shaped landform.

Headland protection involves constructing structures such as groynes or breakwaters to protect a headland from erosion.

Tombolos are coastal features formed by the deposition of sediment across a bay, connecting a mainland to an island or a smaller landmass.

Hard engineering involves constructing artificial structures such as seawalls or jetties to protect a coastline from erosion.

Barrier islands are coastal features formed by the deposition of sediment along a coastline, creating a long, narrow island parallel to the shore.

Soft engineering involves implementing measures such as vegetation planting or sand dune restoration to mitigate coastal erosion.