G.S. Ghurye is widely regarded as the father of Indian anthropology. He was the first Indian anthropologist to receive a doctorate in anthropology and made significant contributions to the study of caste, tribe, and kinship in India.

All of the above are major debates in Indian anthropology. The Aryan-Dravidian debate concerns the origins of the Indian population, the caste-tribe debate centers on the relationship between caste and tribe, and the colonial-nationalist debate examines the impact of colonialism on anthropological research in India.

Colonialism had both positive and negative impacts on anthropological research in India. On the one hand, it led to the marginalization of Indian anthropologists and the dominance of Western anthropologists. On the other hand, it facilitated the collection of valuable ethnographic data on Indian society and culture.

All of the above are contemporary issues faced by anthropologists working in India. The rise of Hindutva and the increasing influence of religious nationalism have created a hostile environment for anthropologists who study issues such as caste, tribe, and religion. The growing gap between academic anthropology and policy-making has made it difficult for anthropologists to influence policy decisions. The challenges of conducting research in conflict-ridden areas pose a serious threat to the safety and security of anthropologists.

All of the above are examples of challenges faced by anthropologists working in India. The difficulty of obtaining research permits, the lack of access to reliable data, and the hostility of local communities towards anthropologists can all make it difficult to conduct research in India.