The Babylonians were the first to develop a star catalog, which included over 1000 stars and constellations.

Nicolaus Copernicus is considered the father of modern astronomy for his heliocentric theory, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system.

Galileo Galilei used a telescope that he designed himself, known as the Galilean Telescope, to make his observations of the solar system.

Johannes Kepler discovered the three laws of planetary motion, which describe the motion of planets around the Sun.

Isaac Newton is credited with developing the theory of universal gravitation, which explains the force of attraction between objects with mass.

William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 using a reflecting telescope.

Edwin Hubble is considered the father of modern cosmology for his discovery that the universe is expanding.

The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its present expansion and cooling.

Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz discovered the first exoplanet, 51 Pegasi b, in 1995.

The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched in 2003 to study the universe in infrared light.

Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez discovered the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy, Sagittarius A*, in 2020.

The James Webb Space Telescope was launched in 2021 to study the universe in ultraviolet and visible light.

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration discovered the first gravitational wave in 2015.

The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched in 1999 to study the universe in X-rays.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar discovered the first black hole in 1930.