Alumina (Al₂O₃) is the most commonly used material for ceramic membranes and filters due to its high strength, chemical stability, and thermal resistance.

Ceramic membranes exhibit superior durability compared to polymeric membranes, making them more resistant to harsh chemicals, high temperatures, and mechanical stress.

Ceramic membranes primarily employ size exclusion as the separation mechanism, where molecules or particles are separated based on their size.

The pore size of ceramic membranes can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of dopants, which modify the crystal structure and pore formation during the membrane fabrication process.

Ceramic membranes typically have pore sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, enabling the separation of small molecules, ions, and macromolecules.

Ceramic membranes are widely used in reverse osmosis (RO) systems for water purification, where they effectively remove dissolved salts, impurities, and microorganisms.

Ceramic membranes exhibit high selectivity in gas separation processes, enabling the efficient separation of gases with similar molecular sizes, such as oxygen and nitrogen.

Ceramic filters are widely used in the chemical processing industry for the removal of particulate matter from corrosive and high-temperature fluids.

The fabrication of ceramic membranes and filters involves complex and specialized processes, such as powder synthesis, shaping, and sintering, which can be challenging to control and optimize.

Chemical etching is a widely used technique for modifying the surface properties of ceramic membranes, allowing for the introduction of functional groups, altering surface charge, and improving membrane performance.

The flux of a ceramic membrane is primarily influenced by the transmembrane pressure, which is the driving force for fluid flow across the membrane.

Chemical cleaning is a widely used method for removing foulants and restoring the performance of ceramic membranes by immersing them in appropriate chemical solutions.

Ceramic membranes and filters generally have a lifespan of 10 to 20 years, depending on the operating conditions and maintenance practices.

Ceramic membranes can be fouled by various substances, including organic matter, inorganic salts, and biological organisms, which accumulate on the membrane surface and hinder its performance.

Ceramic membranes exhibit superior resistance to fouling compared to polymeric membranes, making them particularly suitable for microfiltration applications where particulate matter and microorganisms need to be removed.