A centrifugal pump is a type of hydraulic machine that uses centrifugal force to increase the pressure of a liquid.

Axial-flow pumps are designed for low-head, high-flow applications, where the liquid flows parallel to the axis of rotation.

The primary difference between a turbine and a pump is the direction of energy conversion.

Francis turbines are widely used in hydroelectric power plants due to their efficiency and ability to operate under a wide range of head and flow conditions.

The draft tube in a turbine is designed to convert the kinetic energy of the water leaving the runner into pressure energy, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the turbine.

Reciprocating pumps are commonly used for lifting water from a lower to a higher elevation, as they can generate high pressures.

A hydraulic ram is a self-acting device that uses the energy of flowing water to lift a portion of that water to a higher elevation.

Centrifugal pumps are widely used in water distribution systems due to their ability to handle large flow rates and generate moderate pressures.

A surge tank in a hydroelectric power plant is designed to reduce pressure fluctuations in the penstock, which can occur during sudden changes in load or flow conditions.

Pelton turbines are well-suited for high-head, low-flow applications, as they can efficiently convert the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy.

A governor in a hydraulic turbine is responsible for controlling the speed of the turbine by adjusting the flow rate of water entering the turbine.

Tidal turbines are designed to harness the energy from tidal currents and convert it into electricity.

A water hammer arrester is a device installed in a piping system to prevent water hammer, which is a sudden increase in pressure caused by a rapid change in flow velocity.

Centrifugal pumps are widely used for irrigation purposes due to their ability to handle large flow rates and generate moderate pressures.

A spillway in a dam is designed to safely release excess water during floods, preventing overtopping of the dam and potential catastrophic failure.