Carbon sequestration is an indirect use value of biodiversity as it refers to the role of ecosystems in absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, contributing to climate change mitigation.

Total Economic Value (TEV) considers the sum of direct use value (e.g., timber harvesting), indirect use value (e.g., watershed protection), option value (potential future uses), and existence value (non-use value).

Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable resources as they are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years and cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption.

Sustainable development aims to balance economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection, ensuring that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Biodiversity conservation faces multiple challenges, including habitat loss and fragmentation due to human activities, climate change leading to shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics, pollution affecting species health and ecosystems, and overexploitation of natural resources.

Externalities are costs or benefits that arise from the production or consumption of a good or service that are not reflected in the market price, such as pollution or the benefits of ecosystem services.

Market-based instruments, such as carbon pricing, payments for ecosystem services, and cap-and-trade systems, aim to internalize externalities and create economic incentives for biodiversity conservation.

The tragedy of the commons describes the situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest overuse a shared resource, leading to its depletion or degradation.

Biodiversity conservation aims to protect species and ecosystems for their intrinsic value, maintain ecosystem services that benefit human well-being, and promote sustainable use of natural resources.

The discount rate is used to compare the value of future benefits and costs to their present value, taking into account the time value of money and the opportunity cost of capital.

The demand for natural resources is influenced by a combination of factors, including population growth, economic growth, technological change, and consumer preferences.

The Coase theorem suggests that if property rights are well-defined and transaction costs are low, externalities can be efficiently resolved through negotiation between the parties involved, without the need for government intervention.

Non-market valuation methods, such as the travel cost method, hedonic pricing method, and contingent valuation method, are used to estimate the economic value of non-marketed goods and services, such as environmental amenities.

Maximum sustainable yield is a concept used in fisheries and forestry management, aiming to determine the highest rate at which a renewable resource can be harvested without compromising its long-term sustainability.

Valuing biodiversity poses challenges due to the complexity and interconnectedness of ecosystems, the difficulty in quantifying non-use values, and the lack of market data for many biodiversity-related goods and services.