Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and are considered non-renewable because they cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by the burning of fossil fuels. It traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change.

Hydropower is a renewable energy source that generates electricity from the movement of water. It is considered renewable because the water cycle continuously replenishes the water supply.

Extraction is the process of removing fossil fuels from the earth. This can be done through various methods, such as drilling, mining, or fracking.

The extraction of fossil fuels can lead to air pollution from the release of harmful gases, water contamination from spills and leaks, and deforestation due to the clearing of land for mining and drilling.

The primary environmental impact associated with the use of nuclear energy is the generation of radioactive waste, which requires careful management and disposal to prevent environmental contamination.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, do not produce air pollution or greenhouse gases, and they help conserve natural resources by reducing the need for fossil fuels.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which sunlight is converted into electricity using photovoltaic cells, which are commonly used in solar panels.

The construction of hydroelectric dams can lead to habitat fragmentation, water pollution from sediment buildup, and the disruption of aquatic ecosystems due to altered water flow patterns.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the process of capturing carbon dioxide from industrial sources and storing it underground or in geological formations to prevent its release into the atmosphere.

Wind turbines can generate noise pollution, pose a risk of bird mortality, and have a visual impact on the landscape.

Geothermal power is the process of converting heat from the earth's interior into electricity using geothermal power plants.

Biomass energy can contribute to air pollution, deforestation due to the clearing of land for biomass production, and water consumption during the cultivation and processing of biomass feedstocks.

Tidal power is the process of converting the energy of tides into electricity using tidal turbines or other tidal energy devices.

The primary environmental impact associated with the use of nuclear energy is the generation of radioactive waste, which requires careful management and disposal to prevent environmental contamination.