Pope Sixtus IV, who reigned from 1471 to 1484, is often regarded as the first Renaissance pope due to his patronage of the arts and his efforts to beautify Rome.

The Sistine Chapel, located within the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City, was commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV and is renowned for its stunning frescoes, including Michelangelo's iconic ceiling paintings.

Pope Julius II, who reigned from 1503 to 1513, was a skilled military leader who engaged in numerous campaigns to expand the Papal States and consolidate papal power.

Pope Leo X issued the papal bull Exsurge Domine in 1520, condemning the teachings of Martin Luther and threatening him with excommunication if he did not recant.

Pope Nicholas V, who reigned from 1447 to 1455, was a humanist pope who supported the arts and sciences, establishing the Vatican Library and commissioning the translation of classical texts into Latin.

Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545 to address the theological and disciplinary issues raised by the Protestant Reformation.

Pope Julius II initiated the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in 1506, replacing the old Constantinian basilica. The project was completed during the reign of Pope Paul V in 1626.

Pope Sixtus V issued the papal bull Inter gravissimas in 1582, introducing the Gregorian calendar, which is still used today.

Pope Innocent XI, who reigned from 1676 to 1689, implemented reforms to address corruption and nepotism within the Church, and opposed the influence of Louis XIV of France.

Pope Pius V issued the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis in 1570, excommunicating Queen Elizabeth I of England for her support of Protestantism and her claim to the English throne.

Pope Urban VIII, who reigned from 1623 to 1644, was a patron of Baroque art and architecture, commissioning works from artists such as Bernini and Caravaggio.

Pope Gregory XV issued the papal bull Inscrutabili Divinae Providentiae in 1622, establishing the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, which is responsible for overseeing missionary activities.

Pope Clement IX, who reigned from 1667 to 1669, worked to promote peace and reconciliation among Christian denominations, particularly between Catholics and Protestants.

Pope Innocent X issued the papal bull Cum Occasione in 1653, condemning Jansenism, a theological movement within Catholicism that emphasized predestination and divine grace.

Pope Innocent XI, who reigned from 1676 to 1689, implemented reforms to address moral decay and corruption within the Church, and opposed the influence of Louis XIV of France.