Price stability is the primary objective of monetary policy. It aims to maintain a steady and predictable rate of inflation, typically around 2%, to ensure the stability of the economy and the purchasing power of money.

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of inflation that tracks the prices of a basket of goods and services purchased by consumers. It is a widely used indicator of the overall cost of living.

Inflation can be beneficial to economic growth in the short term by stimulating investment and consumption. However, in the long term, high inflation can lead to economic instability and harm economic growth.

Deflation is a sustained decrease in the general price level. It is the opposite of inflation and can be caused by factors such as a decrease in aggregate demand or an increase in the supply of goods and services.

Deflation can lead to increased unemployment as businesses may be reluctant to hire new workers or may even lay off existing workers due to falling prices and lower demand.

The primary role of a central bank in achieving price stability is to set interest rates. By adjusting interest rates, the central bank can influence the cost of borrowing and lending, which can impact inflation and economic activity.

Achieving price stability may sometimes require the central bank to raise interest rates, which can lead to lower economic growth in the short term.

The Phillips Curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between inflation and unemployment. It shows that there is often a trade-off between the two, with lower inflation typically leading to higher unemployment and vice versa.

The natural rate of unemployment is the lowest level of unemployment that can be achieved without causing inflation. It is determined by structural factors such as labor market frictions and technological change.

Inflation can be caused by an increase in aggregate demand, a decrease in aggregate supply, an increase in government spending, or a combination of these factors.

The Taylor Rule is a rule that guides the central bank's interest rate decisions. It is based on the idea that the central bank should set interest rates in response to changes in inflation and economic activity.

Fiscal policy can be used to achieve price stability by adjusting government spending and taxation to influence economic activity. For example, the government may increase spending or cut taxes to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment, or it may decrease spending or raise taxes to cool the economy and reduce inflation.

High inflation can reduce the purchasing power of money, meaning that consumers can buy less with the same amount of money.

Core inflation excludes food and energy prices, while headline inflation includes them. This is because food and energy prices can be volatile and can distort the overall inflation rate.

Price stability can lead to increased economic growth, reduced uncertainty, and increased investment. This is because businesses and consumers can make more informed decisions when they know that prices are stable.