Permaculture aims to create self-sustaining ecosystems that mimic the natural world, where plants, animals, and humans live in harmony and provide for each other's needs.

Permaculture is based on the principles of diversity, interconnectedness, and closed loops. Diversity refers to the variety of plants and animals in a system, interconnectedness refers to the relationships between these organisms, and closed loops refer to the cycling of resources within the system.

Polyculture is a gardening technique that involves planting a variety of different plants in close proximity to each other. This can help to improve soil health, reduce pests and diseases, and increase yields.

Swales are shallow ditches that are dug across the contour of a slope. They help to slow down and absorb rainwater, which can help to prevent erosion and flooding.

Closed loops in permaculture refer to the cycling of resources within the system. This can include using compost to fertilize plants, raising chickens for eggs and using their manure to fertilize the garden, and planting nitrogen-fixing plants to improve soil fertility.

Phytoremediation, constructed wetlands, and living machines are all systems that use plants to clean wastewater. Phytoremediation involves planting plants that absorb and break down pollutants from the water. Constructed wetlands are人工 wetlands that are designed to treat wastewater. Living machines are closed-loop systems that use plants, bacteria, and other organisms to clean wastewater.

Cob building, straw bale construction, and earthen architecture are all examples of permaculture building techniques. These techniques use natural and recycled materials to create sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.

Forest gardening is a permaculture design that mimics the natural patterns of a forest. It involves planting a variety of trees, shrubs, and ground covers in a multi-layered system that mimics the structure of a natural forest.

Free-range grazing, pastured poultry, and silvopasture are all examples of permaculture animal husbandry practices. These practices allow animals to graze and forage in a natural setting, which helps to improve their health and well-being.

Edible landscaping is a permaculture design that integrates edible plants with ornamental plants in a landscape. This can help to create a more sustainable and productive landscape that provides food, beauty, and habitat for wildlife.

Rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, and swales are all examples of permaculture water management techniques. These techniques help to conserve water and make more efficient use of water resources.

Perennial polyculture is a permaculture design that integrates trees, shrubs, and ground covers in a multi-layered system. This system mimics the structure of a natural forest and can provide a variety of benefits, including food, shelter, and habitat for wildlife.

Composting, mulching, and no-till farming are all examples of permaculture soil management techniques. These techniques help to improve soil health and fertility, and reduce erosion.

A food forest is a permaculture design that uses a variety of plants to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. This system mimics the structure of a natural forest and can provide a variety of benefits, including food, shelter, and habitat for wildlife.

Companion planting, crop rotation, and biological control are all examples of permaculture pest management techniques. These techniques help to reduce the need for pesticides and herbicides, and promote a more balanced and sustainable ecosystem.