Gold is not a major mineral extracted in India. The country's major mineral resources include coal, iron ore, copper, and limestone.

Open-cast mining is the primary method used for coal extraction in India. This involves removing the overlying soil and rock to expose the coal seam, which is then extracted using heavy machinery.

Open-cast mining can lead to deforestation, air pollution due to dust and emissions, and water pollution due to the release of harmful chemicals and sediments into water bodies.

Open-cast mining is also the primary method used for iron ore extraction in India. This involves removing the overlying soil and rock to expose the iron ore deposit, which is then extracted using heavy machinery.

Iron ore extraction can lead to deforestation, air pollution due to dust and emissions, and water pollution due to the release of harmful chemicals and sediments into water bodies.

Underground mining is the primary method used for copper extraction in India. This involves creating tunnels and shafts to reach the copper ore deposit, which is then extracted using various techniques.

Copper extraction can lead to deforestation, air pollution due to dust and emissions, and water pollution due to the release of harmful chemicals and sediments into water bodies.

Open-cast mining is also the primary method used for limestone extraction in India. This involves removing the overlying soil and rock to expose the limestone deposit, which is then extracted using heavy machinery.

Limestone extraction can lead to deforestation, air pollution due to dust and emissions, and water pollution due to the release of harmful chemicals and sediments into water bodies.

Mineral extraction can lead to long-term consequences such as loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction, soil erosion due to the removal of vegetation, and desertification due to the loss of fertile soil.

To minimize the environmental impact of mineral extraction, proper planning and management of mining operations, the use of sustainable mining techniques, and the rehabilitation of mined areas are essential.

The government plays a crucial role in regulating mineral extraction activities in India by granting mining licenses, enforcing environmental regulations, and promoting sustainable mining practices.

Challenges faced in regulating mineral extraction activities in India include illegal mining, lack of enforcement of environmental regulations, and corruption.

The government has taken various initiatives to promote sustainable mineral extraction in India, including the National Mineral Policy, Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, and the Sustainable Mining Framework.

Technology plays a significant role in minimizing the environmental impact of mineral extraction through the use of advanced mining techniques, development of cleaner technologies, and improved monitoring and surveillance systems.