Hermann Oberth, a German physicist and engineer, is widely regarded as the father of modern astrodynamics for his pioneering work in rocketry and spaceflight.

Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was the first artificial satellite to be successfully placed into Earth's orbit.

Roscosmos, the Russian space agency, was responsible for the first human spaceflight, achieved by Yuri Gagarin in 1961.

Luna 9, launched by the Soviet Union in 1966, was the first spacecraft to successfully land on the Moon.

Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut, became the first person to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.

NASA, the American space agency, was responsible for the first successful mission to Mars, achieved by the Mariner 4 spacecraft in 1965.

Mariner 2, launched by NASA in 1962, was the first spacecraft to successfully orbit another planet, Venus.

NASA, the American space agency, was responsible for the first successful mission to Jupiter, achieved by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft in 1973.

Pioneer 11, launched by NASA in 1973, was the first spacecraft to successfully orbit Saturn.

NASA, the American space agency, was responsible for the first successful mission to Uranus, achieved by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986.

Voyager 2, launched by NASA in 1977, was the first spacecraft to successfully orbit Neptune.

NASA, the American space agency, was responsible for the first successful mission to Pluto, achieved by the New Horizons spacecraft in 2015.

Philae, a lander deployed from the Rosetta spacecraft, became the first spacecraft to successfully land on a comet, Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, in 2014.

NASA, the American space agency, was responsible for the first successful mission to an asteroid, achieved by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft in 1997.

Hayabusa, a Japanese spacecraft, became the first spacecraft to successfully rendezvous with an asteroid, Itokawa, in 2005.