Language hegemony refers to the dominance of one language over others in terms of its use, status, and prestige in a particular region or context.

English has historically been the dominant language of international diplomacy and communication due to the influence of British colonialism and the United States' global economic and political power.

Language policies refer to the policies and practices that governments implement to regulate the use of languages within their borders, including the recognition of official languages, the promotion of language education, and the protection of minority languages.

Language contact refers to the process by which languages come into contact with each other and influence each other's development, leading to changes in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

Language convergence refers to the phenomenon of languages becoming increasingly similar to each other due to globalization and the spread of dominant languages, resulting in the loss of linguistic diversity.

Language divergence refers to the phenomenon of languages becoming increasingly diverse due to globalization and the emergence of new languages, resulting in an increase in linguistic diversity.

Language transmission refers to the process by which languages are transmitted from one generation to the next, ensuring the continuity of linguistic heritage and cultural identity.

Language acquisition refers to the process by which individuals acquire a new language, involving the development of linguistic skills and knowledge.

Language proficiency refers to the ability to use a language effectively and appropriately in different contexts, demonstrating a high level of linguistic skills and knowledge.

Language fluency refers to the ability to speak a language fluently and effortlessly, demonstrating a high level of proficiency and comfort in using the language.

Language competence refers to the ability to understand and produce language in a contextually and culturally appropriate manner, demonstrating a deep understanding of the language's structure and usage.

Language mastery refers to the highest level of language proficiency, characterized by near-native fluency and mastery of the language, including its nuances, idioms, and cultural references.

Language attrition refers to the process by which individuals lose their ability to use a language, typically due to lack of use or exposure to the language over time.

Language loss refers to the phenomenon of languages disappearing from use and becoming extinct, typically due to factors such as assimilation, globalization, and the dominance of major languages.

Language revitalization refers to the efforts to revitalize and preserve endangered languages and promote linguistic diversity, typically involving initiatives to increase language use, education, and cultural awareness.