The Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and cultural change that emphasized reason, science, and individualism.

René Descartes is often credited with being the father of the Enlightenment due to his emphasis on rationalism and the scientific method.

The social contract theory states that government is based on the consent of the governed, and that individuals have the right to overthrow a government that is not acting in their best interests.

The American Revolution is often considered the first modern revolution due to its emphasis on individual rights and self-government.

The French Revolution was caused by a combination of economic inequality, political oppression, and religious persecution.

The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, is generally considered to be the beginning of the French Revolution.

The Reign of Terror was a period of intense political repression during the French Revolution, in which thousands of people were executed, including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as the dominant figure in the French Revolution after the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799, which established the Consulate and eventually led to his becoming Emperor of France.

The main goal of the American Revolution was to gain independence from Great Britain and establish a new nation based on the principles of liberty and self-government.

The Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, declared the independence of the United States of America from Great Britain.

The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established the first government of the United States of America, but it was later replaced by the Constitution of the United States.

The Constitution of the United States, adopted in 1789, is the supreme law of the United States of America and establishes the framework for the federal government.

The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States guarantees freedom of speech, religion, and assembly, among other rights.

The Russian Revolution, which began in 1917, is often considered the first successful socialist revolution, leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union.

Vladimir Lenin played a key role in the Russian Revolution and became the first leader of the Soviet Union.