Caste is the primary basis of social stratification in India, with individuals belonging to different castes occupying distinct positions in the social hierarchy.

Caste is characterized by endogamy (marriage within the caste), hierarchy, and occupational specialization, but not exogamy (marriage outside the caste).

Casteism refers to the political mobilization of caste groups, often leading to the formation of caste-based political parties and the use of caste as a factor in electoral politics.

Casteism in Indian politics often leads to vote bank politics, social inequality, and economic disparity, but it does not contribute to political stability.

Communalism refers to the political mobilization of religious groups, often leading to the formation of religious-based political parties and the use of religion as a factor in electoral politics.

Communalism in Indian politics often leads to religious polarization, communal violence, and social disharmony, but it does not contribute to economic growth.

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination based on caste, religion, race, sex, or place of birth, and guarantees the right to equality before the law.

Reservation in education and employment, affirmative action programs, and inter-caste marriage promotion are policy measures aimed at addressing caste-based discrimination, while a caste-based census is not.

De-casteization refers to the process of reducing the influence of caste in politics and society, often through social and political reforms aimed at promoting equality and social justice.

Resistance from traditional elites, economic inequality, and lack of political will are challenges faced by efforts to address caste and communalism, while cultural diversity is not a challenge.

Secularism is the political ideology that advocates for the separation of religion and state, ensuring that the government does not favor any particular religion.

Freedom of religion, equal treatment of all religions, and state neutrality towards religion are principles of secularism, while religious dominance is not.

Interfaith dialogue refers to the process of promoting understanding and cooperation among different religious groups through open and respectful communication.

Promoting religious tolerance, reducing communal tensions, and strengthening social cohesion are benefits of interfaith dialogue, while encouraging religious conversion is not.

Pluralism is the political ideology that advocates for the unity and cooperation of different religious communities, recognizing the diversity of religious beliefs and practices.