Filtration is a primary water treatment process that removes suspended solids and particles from water.

Coagulation is a process that destabilizes colloidal particles in water, allowing them to aggregate and form larger flocs.

Rapid sand filters are commonly used in water treatment plants due to their high flow rates and ability to remove suspended solids and particles.

Chlorination is the most widely used disinfection method in water treatment, as it is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.

Reverse osmosis is a membrane-based process that removes dissolved solids, including salts, minerals, and organic compounds, from water.

Reverse osmosis is widely used for desalination, as it can effectively remove salt and other dissolved solids from seawater or brackish water.

Activated carbon adsorption is used to remove organic contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals, from water.

Ion exchange is commonly used for softening hard water by exchanging calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or potassium ions.

pH adjustment is used to neutralize acidic or alkaline water to an optimal pH range for various water treatment processes.

Ion exchange is commonly used for removing heavy metals from water by exchanging them with sodium or potassium ions.

Aeration is used to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water by stripping them into the air.

Activated alumina adsorption is commonly used for removing fluoride from water by selectively adsorbing fluoride ions onto the alumina surface.

Degasification is used to remove dissolved gases, such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, from water.

Disinfection is commonly used for removing microorganisms from water by using chemical disinfectants, such as chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet radiation.

Nanofiltration is a membrane-based process that removes dissolved solids, including salts, minerals, and organic compounds, from water.