Bottom-up processing

Top-down processing

Schema-driven processing

Random processing

Understanding the meaning of words and phrases

Identifying the grammatical structure of sentences

Making inferences and drawing conclusions

Retrieving information from long-term memory

Recognizing the subject-verb agreement in a sentence

Identifying the main idea of a paragraph

Making connections between different pieces of information

Activating prior knowledge related to a topic

It provides additional information that helps clarify the meaning of words and phrases

It allows us to make inferences and draw conclusions beyond what is explicitly stated

It activates prior knowledge and expectations, shaping our interpretation of the language

All of the above

It helps us fill in gaps and make sense of ambiguous or incomplete information

It allows us to make connections between new information and existing knowledge

It influences our expectations and biases, affecting our interpretation of the language

All of the above

Starting with the individual sounds of a word and gradually building up to its meaning

Using prior knowledge and context to predict the meaning of a sentence

Making inferences and drawing conclusions based on the information presented

Activating schemas and scripts to interpret the meaning of a text

Understanding the meaning of words and phrases

Identifying the grammatical structure of sentences

Making inferences and drawing conclusions

Activating prior knowledge and expectations

It helps us organize and interpret information based on existing knowledge structures

It allows us to make inferences and draw conclusions beyond what is explicitly stated

It influences our expectations and biases, affecting our interpretation of the language

All of the above

Identifying the correct meaning of words and phrases

Understanding the grammatical structure of sentences

Making inferences and drawing conclusions

Activating prior knowledge and expectations

It provides additional information that clarifies the meaning of ambiguous words and phrases

It allows us to make inferences and draw conclusions based on the surrounding information

It activates prior knowledge and expectations, guiding our interpretation of the language

All of the above

Understanding the literal meaning of words and phrases

Identifying the grammatical structure of sentences

Making inferences and drawing conclusions

Recognizing the speaker's intentions and communicative goals

It shapes the way we interpret and use language

It affects our understanding of the social and cultural context of communication

It influences our expectations and biases, shaping our interpretation of the language

All of the above

It provides additional information that complements verbal communication

It helps us understand the speaker's emotions and attitudes

It conveys social and cultural cues that shape our interpretation of the language

All of the above

Language comprehension involves understanding the meaning of language, while language production involves expressing thoughts and ideas through language

Language comprehension is a passive process, while language production is an active process

Language comprehension relies on bottom-up processing, while language production relies on top-down processing

All of the above

Difficulty understanding the meaning of words and phrases

Impaired ability to produce speech

Problems with reading and writing

All of the above