Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials generate an electrical current when exposed to light.

Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air to generate electricity using wind turbines.

Nuclear power plants utilize the energy released from nuclear fission reactions to generate electricity.

Biomass energy is derived from organic materials, such as plants and animal waste, through processes like combustion, anaerobic digestion, or gasification.

Geothermal energy harnesses the heat from the Earth's core to generate electricity or provide heating and cooling.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to climate change.

Battery energy storage systems store electrical energy in batteries for later use, enabling grid stability and integration of intermittent renewable energy sources.

Energy efficiency is calculated as the ratio of useful output energy to the total input energy, expressed as a percentage.

Hydropower harnesses the energy of flowing water, typically through dams or turbines, to generate electricity.

Heat engines convert heat energy into mechanical energy, which can then be used to generate electricity.

Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy from fuels, such as hydrogen or natural gas, into electricity through electrochemical reactions.

Tidal power plants harness the energy from the tides to generate electricity.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes the temperature difference between the warm surface waters and the cold deep waters of the ocean to generate electricity.

Hydroelectric power plants utilize the energy of flowing water to generate electricity.