Spirogyra is a green alga known for its distinctive filamentous structure, where cells are arranged in a spiral pattern within the filaments.

Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in most freshwater algae, enabling them to capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Anabaena is a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, contributing to the nitrogen cycle in freshwater ecosystems.

Eutrophication refers to the process where excessive nutrients, often from agricultural runoff or sewage discharge, lead to an overgrowth of algae, causing ecological imbalances in freshwater ecosystems.

Euglenoids are a group of freshwater algae that possess flagella, allowing them to exhibit motility and respond to environmental stimuli.

Freshwater algae are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to produce organic matter through photosynthesis, forming the foundation of the food web.

Microcystis is a cyanobacterium that can form harmful algal blooms (HABs), producing toxins that can cause health issues in humans and animals, as well as disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

The Calvin Cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, is the process by which freshwater algae use energy from ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Cladophora is a green alga that is often found attached to rocks, logs, or other substrates in freshwater habitats, forming dense mats or filaments.

Binary fission is a common asexual reproduction method in freshwater algae, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Anabaena is a cyanobacterium that can form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, enabling the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form, benefiting both organisms.

Conjugation is a sexual reproduction method in freshwater algae, where two cells exchange genetic material, resulting in the formation of a zygote.

Anabaena is a cyanobacterium that can produce akinetes, which are resting stages that allow the organism to survive unfavorable conditions and resume growth when conditions improve.

Photosynthesis is the process by which freshwater algae use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds, such as glucose, and release oxygen as a byproduct.

Chlorella is a green alga that is commonly found in planktonic communities, forming part of the phytoplankton, and is known for its high growth rate and ability to produce lipids and proteins.