Open-pit mining involves the removal of overburden to expose the mineral deposit and extract it from the surface.

Underground mining allows for the extraction of minerals located at greater depths, which may not be accessible through open-pit mining.

Placer mining involves the recovery of minerals from loose deposits, such as riverbeds or alluvial fans, using simple techniques like panning or sluicing.

Explosives are primarily used in mining to break and loosen rock formations, making them easier to extract and transport.

Surface mining, also known as open-pit mining, utilizes large machines like excavators and dump trucks to remove overburden and extract minerals from the surface.

The use of cyanide in gold mining poses a significant risk of water contamination, as it can leach into groundwater and surface water, potentially harming aquatic ecosystems.

Underground mining involves the construction of tunnels, shafts, and other underground workings to access and extract minerals from beneath the surface.

Longwall mining allows for continuous extraction of minerals, resulting in higher production rates compared to room-and-pillar mining.

Underground mining methods, such as sublevel caving and block caving, are commonly used for extracting minerals from steeply dipping ore bodies.

Ventilation systems in underground mines are primarily designed to provide fresh air to workers and remove harmful gases and dust, ensuring a safe and healthy working environment.

Hydraulic mining utilizes high-pressure water jets to break and dislodge minerals from their host rock, making them easier to extract.

The use of mercury in gold mining poses a significant risk of mercury contamination, as it can be released into the environment through air emissions, water discharge, and soil contamination.

Underground mining methods, such as longwall mining and room-and-pillar mining, are commonly used for extracting minerals from large, tabular ore bodies.

Subsidence control measures in underground mining are primarily implemented to prevent ground collapse and protect surface structures from damage caused by mining activities.

Open-pit mining, also known as surface mining, utilizes large draglines to remove overburden and extract minerals from the surface.