Comparative genomics is a field of study that compares the genomes of different species. It is not a method used in comparative psychology, which is the study of the behavior of different species.

Homologous behaviors are behaviors that are similar in different species because they are inherited from a common ancestor. Building nests, singing songs, and using tools are all examples of homologous behaviors.

Analogous behaviors are behaviors that are similar in different species but are not inherited from a common ancestor. Using tools is an example of an analogous behavior because it is a behavior that has evolved independently in different species.

Associative learning is not a type of learning. It is a general term that refers to the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus. In the example given, the dog learns to associate the sound of a bell (the neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (the meaningful stimulus). This causes the dog to salivate in response to the sound of the bell.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to associate a behavior with a consequence. In the example given, the rat learns to associate the behavior of pressing a lever (the operant response) with the consequence of getting food (the reinforcer). This causes the rat to increase the frequency of pressing the lever.

Habituation is a type of learning in which an organism learns to ignore a stimulus that is no longer relevant. In the example given, the spider learns to ignore the presence of a web (the stimulus) because it is no longer a threat to the spider.

Fixed action patterns are stereotyped behaviors that are triggered by a specific stimulus. In the example given, the spider spins a web in response to the stimulus of a potential prey item.

Social behaviors are behaviors that involve interaction between two or more individuals. In the example given, the monkeys are grooming each other, which is a social behavior.

Cognitive behaviors are behaviors that involve mental processes such as problem-solving, decision-making, and memory. In the example given, the chimpanzee is using a tool to crack a nut, which is a cognitive behavior.

Cultural behaviors are behaviors that are learned from other members of a species and are passed down from generation to generation. In the example given, the chimpanzees are using a specific tool to crack nuts, which is a cultural behavior.

Species-specific behaviors are behaviors that are unique to a particular species. In the example given, the bird is building a nest, which is a species-specific behavior.

General behaviors are behaviors that are common to many different species. In the example given, the fish is swimming, which is a general behavior.

Proximate explanations are explanations that focus on the immediate causes of behavior. In the example given, the bird is building a nest because it is trying to protect its young, which is a proximate explanation.

Ultimate explanations are explanations that focus on the evolutionary origins of behavior. In the example given, the bird is building a nest because it is following its instincts, which is an ultimate explanation.