Geophysical Oceanography is the study of the physical properties and processes of the ocean, including its circulation, waves, tides, and interactions with the atmosphere and solid Earth.

The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows northward along the eastern coast of North America. It transports warm water from the tropics to the North Atlantic Ocean, influencing the climate of the region.

Upwelling is the vertical movement of water from deeper layers of the ocean to the surface. It occurs when winds push surface water away from the coast, causing deeper, colder water to rise to the surface.

Wind is the primary force that drives the global ocean circulation. Winds transfer energy to the ocean, causing surface currents to flow. These currents then interact with the Earth's rotation and density differences to create the global circulation patterns.

The Coriolis Effect is the phenomenon where the Earth's rotation deflects moving objects, such as ocean currents, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This deflection is due to the Earth's rotation and the conservation of angular momentum.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean basin in the world, covering approximately 165.25 million square kilometers (63.8 million square miles).

The Challenger Deep, located in the Mariana Trench, is the deepest point in the ocean, with a depth of approximately 11,034 meters (36,201 feet).

The Labrador Current is a cold ocean current that originates in the Arctic Ocean and flows southward along the eastern coast of Canada. It transports cold water from the Antarctic Ocean to the North Atlantic Ocean, influencing the climate of the region.

Thermohaline Circulation is the global conveyor belt of ocean currents that transports heat and nutrients around the world. It is driven by differences in temperature and salinity, which cause water to sink in some regions and rise in others.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean basin in the world, covering approximately 106.4 million square kilometers (41.1 million square miles).

El Niño is the phenomenon where warm water from the Pacific Ocean flows eastward across the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It is the warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.

The Agulhas Current is a warm ocean current that originates in the Indian Ocean and flows southward along the eastern coast of Africa. It transports warm water from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, influencing the climate of the region.

La Niña is the phenomenon where cold water from the Pacific Ocean flows westward across the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It is the cold phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean basin in the world, covering approximately 70.56 million square kilometers (27.24 million square miles).