Marxist theory emphasizes the role of class conflict and economic inequality in shaping environmental policy, arguing that policies often favor the interests of dominant economic groups at the expense of environmental protection.

The political process model focuses on the role of interest groups, lobbying, and political institutions in shaping environmental policy.

Environmental framing refers to the process of presenting environmental issues in a way that resonates with specific values, beliefs, or interests, influencing public opinion and policy decisions.

The institutional analysis approach examines the role of government agencies, bureaucracies, and policy networks in shaping environmental policy.

Social movement theory focuses on the role of collective action and social movements in shaping environmental policy, highlighting the importance of mobilization, framing, and political opportunities.

Ecological modernization theory emphasizes the transition to sustainable technologies and practices, arguing that environmental protection can be achieved through technological innovation and economic restructuring.

Power dynamics refer to the distribution of power and resources among different actors, which influences their ability to influence environmental policy outcomes.

The policy network approach focuses on the interactions and relationships among policy actors, including government agencies, interest groups, and non-governmental organizations, in shaping environmental policy.

Cultural theory emphasizes the role of cultural values and beliefs in shaping environmental policy, arguing that different cultural orientations lead to different policy preferences and outcomes.

Rational choice theory focuses on the role of self-interest and cost-benefit analysis in shaping environmental policy, arguing that individuals and groups make decisions based on their perceived costs and benefits.

Institutional context refers to the set of formal and informal rules, norms, and structures that shape environmental policy outcomes.

The governance approach focuses on the interactions and relationships among policy actors, including government agencies, interest groups, and non-governmental organizations, in shaping environmental policy.

Scientific realism emphasizes the role of scientific knowledge and expertise in shaping environmental policy, arguing that scientific facts and evidence should guide policy decisions.

The policy implementation approach focuses on the dynamics of policy implementation and enforcement, examining how policies are put into practice and the challenges and barriers that arise during implementation.

Political economy refers to the broader political and economic context in which environmental policy outcomes are shaped, including the distribution of power, economic interests, and class relations.