Numerical cognition is the term used to describe the ability to understand and produce numbers. It involves a range of cognitive processes, including the ability to recognize and compare numbers, understand their meaning, and perform mathematical operations.

The parietal lobe, particularly the intraparietal sulcus, is the brain region primarily responsible for processing numerical information. It is involved in representing and manipulating numerical quantities, as well as performing mathematical operations.

The numerical distance effect refers to the phenomenon where people tend to estimate numerical quantities based on their physical distance from a reference point. For example, people may estimate that a number is larger if it is presented further away from a starting point on a number line.

Noun-phrase structure, particularly the use of quantifiers and number words, is commonly associated with the development of numerical cognition. Languages with more complex noun-phrase structures tend to have speakers with better numerical abilities.

Spatial-numerical association refers to the phenomenon where people tend to associate certain numbers with specific spatial locations. For example, people may associate smaller numbers with the left side of space and larger numbers with the right side.

Multiplication is most closely associated with the concept of addition in natural language. In many languages, the word for 'multiply' is derived from the word for 'add', and the two operations share similar cognitive representations.

The magnitude effect refers to the phenomenon where people tend to estimate numerical quantities based on their size or magnitude. For example, people may estimate that a number is larger if it is presented in a larger font or if it is associated with a larger object.

Adjective-phrase structure, particularly the use of comparative and superlative forms, is commonly associated with the development of mathematical abilities. Languages with more complex adjective-phrase structures tend to have speakers with better mathematical skills.

The number line effect refers to the phenomenon where people tend to estimate numerical quantities based on their position on a mental number line. For example, people may estimate that a number is larger if it is presented further to the right on a horizontal number line.

Division is most closely associated with the concept of subtraction in natural language. In many languages, the word for 'divide' is derived from the word for 'subtract', and the two operations share similar cognitive representations.

Color-number association refers to the phenomenon where people tend to associate certain numbers with specific colors. This association is often idiosyncratic and varies across individuals, but some common associations include the color red with the number 1, the color blue with the number 2, and the color green with the number 3.

Prepositional-phrase structure, particularly the use of spatial prepositions, is commonly associated with the development of arithmetic skills. Languages with more complex prepositional-phrase structures tend to have speakers with better arithmetic abilities.

Number-form association refers to the phenomenon where people tend to estimate numerical quantities based on their shape or form. For example, people may associate smaller numbers with rounded shapes and larger numbers with angular shapes.

Exponentiation is most closely associated with the concept of multiplication in natural language. In many languages, the word for 'multiply' is derived from the word for 'raise to a power', and the two operations share similar cognitive representations.