Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to determine whether a hypothesis is supported by the data. It is not a component of research design, which focuses on the overall plan for conducting a research study.

A literature review serves multiple purposes in a research study. It helps identify gaps in the existing knowledge, summarize the findings of previous studies, and develop a research hypothesis.

Convenience sampling is not a type of sampling method because it does not involve selecting a representative sample from the population. Instead, it involves selecting participants who are easily accessible or convenient to the researcher.

Qualitative and quantitative research studies differ in terms of the type of data they use, their focus, and their purpose.

Data analysis plays a crucial role in a research study by organizing and summarizing the data, identifying patterns and trends, and testing hypotheses and drawing conclusions.

Sampling bias is not a type of research bias because it is a type of sampling error. Research bias refers to systematic errors that can occur in a research study and affect the validity of the findings.

The primary purpose of a research report is to communicate the findings of a research study to a specific audience. It provides a detailed account of the research process and the results obtained.

Objectivity is not a criterion for evaluating the quality of a research study because it is a characteristic of the researcher rather than the study itself. Validity, reliability, and generalizability are all criteria used to assess the quality of a research study.

Internal validity and external validity are two important concepts in research methodology. Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study's findings are accurate and reliable, while external validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized to other populations or settings.

Ethics plays a crucial role in research by protecting the rights and welfare of research participants, ensuring that research is conducted in a responsible and ethical manner, and promoting the integrity of research and maintaining public trust.