Litigation is a legal process in which a dispute is resolved by a court of law, while negotiation, mediation, and arbitration are all forms of alternative dispute resolution.

The goal of mediation is to facilitate communication between the parties and help them find a solution that both sides can agree to.

Negotiation is a formal process conducted by the parties themselves, while mediation is an informal process conducted by a neutral third party. Negotiation is typically used to resolve disputes between individuals, while mediation is typically used to resolve disputes between groups.

The role of a mediator is to facilitate communication between the parties and help them find a solution that both sides can agree to.

Active listening, assertiveness, and compromise are all common techniques used in negotiation, while manipulation is a tactic that is typically used to gain an advantage over the other party.

The primary goal of peacebuilding is to end a conflict, prevent it from recurring, and promote reconciliation between the parties.

Demobilization and disarmament of combatants, reintegration of former combatants into society, and truth and reconciliation commissions are all common peacebuilding activities, while retribution against the perpetrators of violence is a form of punishment that is typically not used in peacebuilding.

The United Nations plays a key role in conflict resolution and peacebuilding by mediating between warring parties and deploying peacekeeping forces.

Lack of political will, lack of resources, and lack of international cooperation are all common challenges to conflict resolution and peacebuilding, while lack of public support is not typically a major challenge.

The most important factor in successful conflict resolution and peacebuilding is the willingness of the parties to negotiate and find a mutually acceptable solution.

Ceasefire agreement, peace treaty, and power-sharing agreement are all common types of peace agreements, while partition agreement is a type of agreement that is typically used to end a conflict between two or more ethnic groups by dividing the territory into two or more separate states.

Civil society plays a key role in conflict resolution and peacebuilding by providing humanitarian assistance to victims of conflict, advocating for peace and reconciliation, and monitoring human rights abuses.

Observer mission, peacekeeping force, and peace enforcement operation are all common types of peacekeeping operations, while humanitarian intervention is a military intervention that is typically undertaken to protect civilians from a humanitarian crisis.

The primary goal of a peacekeeping operation is to end a conflict, prevent it from recurring, and protect civilians.

Lack of resources, lack of cooperation from the parties to the conflict, and lack of political will are all common challenges to peacekeeping operations, while lack of public support is not typically a major challenge.