Differential equations are used to model the rate of change of a quantity over time. In the case of infectious diseases, differential equations can be used to model the number of people who are infected, the number of people who are recovered, and the number of people who are susceptible to infection.

Correlation is a statistical technique that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Correlation coefficients can range from -1 to 1, with a value of 0 indicating no correlation, a value of 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation, and a value of -1 indicating a perfect negative correlation.

The median voter model is a mathematical model that assumes that voters will vote for the candidate who is closest to their own ideal point on a one-dimensional political spectrum. The model predicts that the winner of an election will be the candidate who is closest to the median voter.

Factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to identify patterns in data by reducing the number of variables in a dataset to a smaller number of factors. Factors are linear combinations of the original variables that explain as much of the variance in the data as possible.

The general equilibrium model is a mathematical model that simulates the behavior of an entire market. The model takes into account the interactions between all of the buyers and sellers in the market, as well as the prices of all of the goods and services that are being traded.

Linear programming is a mathematical technique that is used to optimize the allocation of resources. The technique can be used to solve a variety of problems, such as scheduling, transportation, and production planning.

The logistic model is a mathematical model that is used to predict the behavior of a population. The model assumes that the population will grow at a rate that is proportional to the size of the population and the amount of resources that are available.

Probability theory is a mathematical technique that is used to analyze the risk of an event occurring. The technique can be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring, as well as the expected value of an event.

The M/M/1 queue is a mathematical model that is used to simulate the behavior of a queue. The model assumes that arrivals to the queue are Poisson distributed and that service times are exponentially distributed.

Regression analysis is a statistical technique that is used to analyze the relationship between two or more variables. The technique can be used to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables, as well as to predict the value of one variable based on the values of the other variables.

The Erdős-Rényi model is a mathematical model that is used to simulate the behavior of a network. The model assumes that the network is composed of a set of nodes that are connected by a set of edges. The probability that two nodes are connected by an edge is independent of the probability that any other two nodes are connected by an edge.

Graph theory is a mathematical technique that is used to analyze the structure of a network. The technique can be used to identify the nodes and edges of a network, as well as to determine the properties of the network, such as its size, density, and connectivity.

The Nash equilibrium model is a mathematical model that is used to simulate the behavior of a game. The model assumes that each player in the game will choose a strategy that is best for them, given the strategies that the other players have chosen.

Decision theory is a mathematical technique that is used to analyze the behavior of a decision maker. The technique can be used to identify the different options that are available to the decision maker, as well as to determine the best course of action for the decision maker to take.

The system dynamics model is a mathematical model that is used to simulate the behavior of a social system. The model takes into account the interactions between the different components of the system, such as the population, the economy, and the environment.