Natural disasters are not typically a direct cause of international financial crises, although they can exacerbate existing economic problems.

The Asian financial crisis was triggered by the collapse of the Thai baht in July 1997, which led to a contagion effect across other Asian countries.

The United Kingdom was not directly affected by the European sovereign debt crisis, although it experienced some economic slowdown as a result of the crisis.

The 2008 financial crisis was caused by a combination of factors, including subprime mortgage lending, lax regulation of the financial industry, and a housing bubble.

Improved living standards are not typically a consequence of an international financial crisis.

The IMF was created in 1944 in response to the Great Depression, with the aim of preventing future international financial crises.

The FSB was created in 2009 in response to the 2008 financial crisis, with the aim of promoting financial stability and preventing future crises.

Reduced government spending is not typically a solution to international financial crises, as it can lead to decreased economic growth and increased unemployment.

The Basel Accords are a set of international banking regulations that aim to increase capital requirements for banks, reduce systemic risk in the financial system, and promote financial stability.

Moral hazard in the context of international financial crises refers to the tendency of banks, governments, and international financial institutions to take excessive risks or engage in unsustainable behavior because they know they will be bailed out or provided with financial assistance.

Equity crisis is not a type of international financial crisis. Currency crisis, banking crisis, and debt crisis are all types of international financial crises.

The contagion effect in the context of international financial crises refers to the spread of a financial crisis from one country to another, from one asset class to another, and from one sector of the economy to another.

Improved economic growth is not a potential impact of an international financial crisis on developing countries.

Systemic risk in the context of international financial crises refers to the risk that a financial crisis in one country or sector can spread to other countries or sectors, leading to a recession or depression and a loss of confidence in the financial system.

Equity options are not typically used to hedge against international financial crises.