Nietzsche, in his work Thus Spoke Zarathustra, proposed the idea of sports as an aesthetic phenomenon, emphasizing the creative and expressive aspects of athletic performance.

Consumer surplus refers to the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service and the actual price they pay.

Deontological theories, such as Kantian ethics, prioritize moral obligations and duties, including the principle of fairness and justice in sports.

The economic impact of sports refers to the positive economic effects that sports events and industries can have on a local or regional economy.

Plato, in his work The Republic, proposed the idea of sports as a means of education, emphasizing the role of physical activity in developing moral and intellectual virtues.

The celebrity endorsement effect refers to the increased demand for a product or service as a result of its association with a famous or influential person.

Libertarian theories emphasize individual liberty and autonomy, including the freedom to make choices about one's own life and career, which can apply to athletes' decisions in sports.

The negative publicity effect refers to the decrease in demand for a product or service as a result of negative publicity or scandal associated with the product or its manufacturer.

Durkheim, in his work The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, proposed the idea of sports as a form of social integration, emphasizing the role of collective rituals and symbols in creating a sense of solidarity and belonging.

The scarcity effect refers to the increased demand for a product or service as its availability becomes more limited or scarce.

Virtue ethics, such as Aristotelian ethics, emphasize the importance of developing virtues and character traits that are conducive to a good life, including virtues relevant to sportsmanship and athletic behavior.

The network effect refers to the increased demand for a product or service as more people adopt and use it, creating a positive feedback loop.

Butler, in her work Bodies That Matter, explored the ways in which sports can be used as a site of political resistance, particularly for marginalized groups seeking to challenge social norms and assert their identities.

The Veblen effect refers to the increased demand for a product or service as its price increases, due to its association with luxury, exclusivity, or high social status.

Utilitarianism, as proposed by philosophers like Mill and Bentham, emphasizes the importance of maximizing overall happiness or well-being, which can be applied to ethical considerations in sports.