Cross-sectional studies are not typically used in biomedical engineering research, as they do not allow for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships.

The control group in a randomized controlled trial serves as a baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to determine the effects of the intervention being studied.

Student's t-test is a statistical test used to compare the means of two independent groups, assuming that the data is normally distributed and the variances are equal.

In statistical hypothesis testing, a Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true, while a Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false.

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to combine the results of multiple studies to determine the overall effect of an intervention or treatment.

Heat maps are not typically used in biomedical engineering research, as they are more commonly used in fields such as genomics and proteomics.

Power analysis is a statistical technique used to determine the sample size needed to achieve a desired level of statistical power, which is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false.

Decision trees are not typically used in biomedical engineering research, as they are more commonly used in fields such as machine learning and artificial intelligence.

Systematic reviews are used to summarize the existing literature on a specific topic, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge.

Qualitative studies are not typically used in biomedical engineering research, as they are more commonly used in fields such as social sciences and humanities.

Pilot studies are conducted to test the feasibility of a larger study, including the recruitment of participants, the collection of data, and the analysis of results.

Observational studies are not a data collection method, but rather a type of research design in which data is collected without manipulating the variables of interest.

A research protocol outlines the research methods and procedures that will be used in a study, including the study design, data collection methods, and data analysis methods.

Animal welfare is not typically a consideration in biomedical engineering research, as it is more commonly associated with animal research.

A literature review is conducted to identify existing research on a specific topic, providing a foundation for the development of a research question and the design of a research study.