Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for the greenhouse effect on Earth. It absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere and causing the planet's temperature to rise.

Venus has the most extreme greenhouse effect in our solar system. Its atmosphere is composed primarily of carbon dioxide, which traps heat very effectively. This results in a surface temperature of over 400 degrees Celsius (800 degrees Fahrenheit), making it the hottest planet in the solar system.

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in Earth's climate, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and weather patterns. It is caused by both natural factors, such as variations in solar radiation, and human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels.

While climate change can have a range of negative consequences, increased agricultural productivity is not generally considered to be one of them. In fact, some studies suggest that certain crops may benefit from the increased carbon dioxide levels and warmer temperatures associated with climate change.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which Earth's surface absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation. This radiation is trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, causing the planet's temperature to rise.

Oxygen (O2) is not a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases are gases that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere. Oxygen does not have this property.

Global mean temperature refers to the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere. It is calculated by taking the average of temperatures at various locations around the world, both on land and over the oceans.

Climate change is generally expected to have negative impacts on human health, including increased risk of heat-related illnesses, more frequent and severe respiratory problems, and increased risk of vector-borne diseases. Improved air quality is not a likely impact of climate change.

The albedo effect is the process by which Earth's surface reflects sunlight back into space. This reflection is caused by various factors, such as the color and texture of the surface, as well as the angle at which sunlight strikes the surface.

Rising sea levels are generally expected to have negative consequences, such as increased coastal erosion, salinization of freshwater resources, and more frequent and severe flooding. Improved agricultural productivity is not a likely consequence of rising sea levels.

Climate refers to the long-term average of weather conditions in a particular area. It is characterized by factors such as temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.

Geoengineering refers to a range of hypothetical large-scale interventions in the Earth's climate system. While some geoengineering proposals have been suggested as potential ways to mitigate climate change, they are still largely speculative and carry significant risks and uncertainties.

Convection is the process by which heat is transferred through the movement of fluids. This can occur in both liquids and gases, and is a primary mechanism for heat transfer in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans.

Climate change is generally expected to have negative impacts on ecosystems, including changes in species distribution and abundance, increased risk of wildfires, and altered ecosystem functioning. Improved biodiversity is not a likely impact of climate change.

Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred through direct contact between two objects. This occurs when molecules in one object collide with molecules in the other object, transferring thermal energy.