Karl Marx is considered the father of the concept of social alienation. He argued that capitalism creates a system in which workers are alienated from their labor, from the products of their labor, from their fellow workers, and from themselves.

Marx argued that social alienation is caused by a combination of factors, including the division of labor, the exploitation of workers, and the commodification of labor.

Social alienation can lead to a variety of negative consequences, including powerlessness, meaninglessness, isolation, and a lack of control over one's life.

Emile Durkheim argued that social alienation is a result of the anomie that is created by rapid social change. Anomie is a state of normlessness and deregulation that can lead to feelings of isolation and disconnection.

Durkheim argued that social alienation is caused by rapid social change, which creates a state of anomie and normlessness.

Max Weber argued that social alienation is a result of the rationalization of society. Rationalization is the process by which society becomes more efficient and bureaucratic, which can lead to feelings of impersonality and detachment.

Weber argued that social alienation is caused by the rationalization of society, which leads to a loss of meaning and purpose in life.

Georg Simmel argued that social alienation is a result of the fragmentation of the social world. He argued that modern society is characterized by a high degree of specialization and division of labor, which leads to a loss of community and a sense of isolation.

Simmel argued that social alienation is caused by the fragmentation of the social world, which leads to a loss of community and a sense of isolation.

Social alienation can lead to a variety of negative consequences, including powerlessness, meaninglessness, and isolation. However, it is not typically associated with happiness.

There are a variety of strategies that can be used to overcome social alienation, including building community, finding meaning in one's work, and participating in social movements.

All of the options are theories of social alienation.

Marx's theory of alienation has been criticized for being too focused on economic factors, for not taking into account the role of culture, and for being too pessimistic.

Durkheim's theory of anomie has been criticized for being too focused on social structure, for not taking into account the role of individual agency, and for being too optimistic.

Weber's theory of rationalization has been criticized for being too focused on the role of technology, for not taking into account the role of culture, and for being too pessimistic.