Data mining is a separate field within information sciences that focuses on extracting knowledge from large datasets, while NLP deals with the understanding and manipulation of human language.

Stop words are common words that occur frequently in a language but have little semantic value, and their removal can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of information retrieval systems.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are a type of deep learning model that has been trained on vast amounts of text data and can generate text or code that is coherent and often indistinguishable from human-generated content.

Information extraction aims to automatically identify and extract specific pieces of information from unstructured text, such as names, dates, locations, and events.

Hybrid Machine Translation is not a specific approach to machine translation but rather a combination of different approaches, typically involving a combination of rule-based and statistical or neural methods.

Stemming is a process of reducing words to their root form, which helps improve the effectiveness of information retrieval and text analysis by grouping words with similar meanings together.

Automatic Caption Generation is a technology that uses speech recognition and natural language processing to automatically generate captions or subtitles for videos or audio recordings.

Natural language generation aims to automatically generate human-readable text or code from structured data, making it easier for humans to understand and interact with information systems.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that converts images of text into machine-readable text, and while it involves language, it is not typically considered an NLP application.

A thesaurus is a reference work that provides synonyms and antonyms for words, which can be useful in expanding or refining search queries and improving the effectiveness of information retrieval.

Machine Translation is a technology that uses natural language processing and statistical or neural methods to automatically translate text or speech from one language to another.

Information retrieval aims to find relevant information from a collection of documents, typically in response to a user's query, by ranking documents based on their relevance to the query.

Hybrid NLU is not a specific approach to natural language understanding but rather a combination of different approaches, typically involving a combination of rule-based and statistical or neural methods.

Query expansion is a technique used in information retrieval to broaden the search query by including related terms, synonyms, or alternative spellings, in order to improve the recall of relevant documents.

Sentiment Analysis is a technology that uses natural language processing and machine learning to automatically detect and classify the emotions or sentiments expressed in text or speech.