Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit unique electrical and optical properties due to their quantum confinement, which refers to the restriction of electrons and holes to a small region of space.

Sol-gel synthesis is a chemical process that involves the formation of a gel from a solution of metal salts or organic precursors, followed by heat treatment to convert the gel into a solid nanomaterial.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a technique that uses a sharp probe to scan the surface of a material, allowing for the visualization of surface topography and the measurement of surface forces.

Size effects refer to the changes in the physical and chemical properties of materials when their size is reduced to the nanoscale, typically below 100 nanometers.

Nanomedicine is a field that utilizes nanotechnology for medical applications, including the development of targeted drug delivery systems, diagnostic tools, and tissue engineering.

Graphene is a single-layer sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, exhibiting exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties.

High-temperature superconductors are a class of materials that exhibit superconductivity at temperatures significantly higher than traditional superconductors, typically above 77 Kelvin (-196 degrees Celsius).

Molecular self-assembly refers to the process by which molecules or atoms spontaneously organize into ordered structures or patterns without external guidance.

Photonic crystals are periodic structures that exhibit a photonic bandgap, which is a range of frequencies where light cannot propagate through the material.

Nanotechnology is the field of science and engineering that deals with the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale to create functional materials and devices.

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical structures made of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, exhibiting exceptional mechanical strength and toughness due to their unique atomic structure.

Nanocomposite fabrication involves the incorporation of nanomaterials into traditional materials to enhance their properties, such as strength, toughness, electrical conductivity, or thermal conductivity.

Magnetic nanoparticles are small particles of magnetic materials that exhibit unique magnetic properties due to their small size and high surface-to-volume ratio.

Nanobiotechnology is the field that combines nanotechnology and biology to create devices and materials that can interact with biological systems at the molecular and cellular level.

Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit unique electronic properties due to their quantum confinement effects, which arise from the restriction of electrons and holes to a small region of space.