Deforestation can exacerbate the impacts of monsoon extremes by increasing soil erosion, reducing water retention capacity, and disrupting natural drainage patterns.

Structural mitigation measures aim to physically protect communities and infrastructure from the impacts of monsoon extremes by strengthening structures, implementing flood control systems, and improving drainage networks.

Non-structural mitigation measures focus on reducing vulnerability and improving preparedness for monsoon extremes through activities such as raising awareness, developing early warning systems, and improving land use planning.

Afforestation can help mitigate monsoon extremes by reducing soil erosion, increasing water retention capacity, and regulating streamflow, thereby reducing the risk of floods and droughts.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can degrade soil health and increase the risk of water pollution, which can exacerbate the impacts of monsoon extremes.

Community-based disaster management involves empowering communities to take action, promoting local knowledge and practices, and encouraging community-led preparedness and response plans, which can significantly reduce the impact of monsoon extremes.

Public apathy towards monsoon risks is not a challenge in implementing monsoon extreme mitigation strategies, as public awareness and engagement are crucial for effective implementation.

Improved weather forecasting and early warning systems can contribute to mitigating the impact of monsoon extremes by providing timely information for evacuation and preparedness, enabling better planning for disaster response, and reducing the lead time for relief and recovery efforts.

Ignoring building codes and regulations can increase the vulnerability of infrastructure to monsoon extremes, while retrofitting existing structures, using resilient materials, and implementing proper drainage systems can enhance resilience.

Land use planning can contribute to mitigating the impact of monsoon extremes by identifying and regulating development in high-risk areas, promoting mixed-use development to reduce sprawl, and encouraging compact and dense urban development.

Promotion of water-intensive agriculture can exacerbate water scarcity and increase the risk of droughts during monsoon extremes, while construction of dams and reservoirs, implementation of rainwater harvesting systems, and reforestation can enhance water security.

Ecosystem-based approaches can contribute to mitigating the impact of monsoon extremes by restoring and protecting natural ecosystems, promoting biodiversity conservation, and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems to extreme events.

Clear-cutting of forests for agriculture can increase the risk of soil erosion, flooding, and landslides during monsoon extremes, while selective logging, afforestation, reforestation, and community-based forest management can enhance forest resilience.

Improved agricultural practices, such as adopting drought-resistant crop varieties, implementing water conservation techniques, and promoting crop diversification, can enhance agricultural resilience to monsoon extremes.

The general public is not a key stakeholder in monsoon extreme mitigation efforts, as the primary responsibility lies with government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private sector companies.