Francis I was a patron of the arts and sciences, and he invited many Italian artists and scholars to his court, including Leonardo da Vinci.

The Pléiade was a group of seven poets who sought to revive the literary traditions of ancient Greece and Rome.

François Rabelais was a satirist and humorist whose works, such as Gargantua and Pantagruel, are considered masterpieces of French literature.

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist who spent much of his career in France, where he painted the Mona Lisa and other famous works.

Michel de Montaigne was a skeptic and humanist who argued that religious beliefs should be tolerated, even if they are different from one's own.

Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer who spent much of his career in France, where he wrote the opera Orfeo, which is considered one of the first great operas.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory, which states that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.

Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who made three voyages to North America, during which he discovered Canada and the St. Lawrence River.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a French philosopher who argued that the social contract is a voluntary agreement between individuals to give up some of their freedom in exchange for the benefits of living in a society.

Philibert de l'Orme was a French architect who designed the Château de Fontainebleau, one of the most famous Renaissance châteaux in France.

Leonardo da Vinci's painting of The Last Supper is one of the most famous and iconic works of art in the world.

Michelangelo's statue of David is one of the most famous and iconic works of art in the world.

François Rabelais' novel Gargantua and Pantagruel is a satirical and humorous work that is considered one of the masterpieces of French literature.

Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas is one of the most famous and iconic works of English Baroque opera.

Isaac Newton was an English scientist who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which are considered to be some of the most important laws in physics.