Anemia is the most common cause of pallor in neonates, accounting for approximately 50% of cases.

Anemia in neonates is defined as a hemoglobin level <13 g/dL.

The clinical signs and symptoms of anemia in neonates include pallor, lethargy, irritability, and poor feeding.

The causes of anemia in neonates include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, prematurity, multiple gestations, and other factors.

Anemia in neonates is diagnosed with a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, serum iron level, and total iron binding capacity.

The treatment for anemia in neonates includes iron supplementation, vitamin B12 supplementation, folic acid supplementation, and blood transfusion.

The prognosis for anemia in neonates is good with early diagnosis and treatment, but it can be poor with delayed diagnosis and treatment. The prognosis also depends on the underlying cause of the anemia.

Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin and sclerae caused by an increase in bilirubin levels in the blood.

The causes of jaundice in neonates include physiological jaundice, breastmilk jaundice, and pathological jaundice.

Physiological jaundice is a mild, transient jaundice that occurs in most newborns and is caused by the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin.

Breastmilk jaundice is a jaundice that occurs in breastfed infants and is caused by a substance in breastmilk that inhibits the breakdown of bilirubin.

Pathological jaundice is a jaundice that is caused by an underlying medical condition and is treated with phototherapy or exchange transfusion.

Jaundice in neonates is diagnosed with a physical examination, bilirubin level, complete blood count, and liver function tests.

Jaundice in neonates is treated with phototherapy and exchange transfusion.

The prognosis for jaundice in neonates is good with early diagnosis and treatment, but it can be poor with delayed diagnosis and treatment. The prognosis also depends on the underlying cause of the jaundice.