Pelton turbines are best suited for high-head, low-flow applications, making them ideal for high-head hydropower plants.

The runner is the rotating component of the turbine that converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy, which is then used to generate electricity.

Kaplan turbines are designed for low-head, high-flow applications, making them suitable for rivers and tidal currents.

The draft tube converts the kinetic energy of the water leaving the runner into pressure energy, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the turbine.

Cross-flow turbines are known for their simple design and ability to operate in a wide range of flow conditions, making them suitable for small-scale hydropower applications.

Wicket gates are used to control the flow of water entering the turbine, thereby regulating the power output and speed of the turbine.

Bulb turbines are specifically designed for tidal power plants due to their ability to operate in both directions, capturing energy from both the incoming and outgoing tides.

The stay ring provides a seal between the runner and the casing, preventing water leakage and maintaining the integrity of the turbine.

Kaplan turbines are known for their high efficiency and ability to operate at variable speeds, making them suitable for a wide range of hydropower applications.

The governor regulates the speed of the turbine by adjusting the flow of water entering the turbine, ensuring stable operation and preventing overspeeding.

Francis turbines are widely used in run-of-the-river hydropower plants due to their ability to operate efficiently at medium heads and flows.

The spiral casing directs water to the runner in a controlled manner, ensuring efficient energy transfer and minimizing losses.

Cross-flow turbines are well-suited for very low-head applications due to their ability to operate efficiently even at low water velocities.

Guide vanes are used to direct water onto the runner blades, ensuring efficient energy transfer and minimizing losses.

Bulb turbines are specifically designed for tidal power plants due to their ability to operate in both directions, capturing energy from both the incoming and outgoing tides.