Muhammad is widely regarded as the founder and prophet of Islam, having received revelations from Allah (God) through the angel Gabriel.

The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, believed to be the direct word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad.

Mecca is the holiest city in Islam, as it is the birthplace of Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba, a sacred black cube that Muslims face during prayer.

Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, which is one of the five pillars of Islam and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims who are physically and financially able.

The Hijri calendar is the Islamic calendar, which is based on the lunar cycle and is used to determine important religious dates and festivals.

Abu Bakr was the first caliph after Muhammad's death and is considered one of the most important figures in early Islamic history.

The Umayyad dynasty was the first Islamic dynasty to rule over a vast empire, extending from Spain to India.

The Seljuk Empire was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of Central Asia and the Middle East.

The Mughal Empire was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of India and is known for its cultural and architectural achievements.

The Ottoman Empire was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeastern Europe.

The Safavid Empire was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over Persia and is known for its cultural and artistic achievements.

The Qajar dynasty was the last ruling dynasty of Persia and is known for its modernization efforts and cultural exchanges with the West.

The Umayyad dynasty was the first Islamic dynasty to rule over Spain and North Africa.

The Almoravid dynasty was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of North Africa and Spain.

The Almohad dynasty was a powerful Islamic empire that ruled over much of North Africa and Spain.