Primary air pollutants are emitted directly from sources such as vehicles, industries, and power plants. Particulate Matter is a primary pollutant consisting of solid or liquid particles suspended in the air.

Air pollution control measures aim to reduce the emission of harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, thereby improving air quality and protecting human health from the adverse effects of air pollution.

Command-and-control air pollution control measures involve setting specific limits or standards for pollutant emissions. Technology-based standards require industries and facilities to use specific technologies or processes that meet these standards.

An emission inventory is a comprehensive list of sources of air pollution and the amount of pollutants emitted from each source. It helps identify major sources of pollution, estimate the total amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere, and develop strategies to reduce emissions.

End-of-pipe air pollution control technologies are installed at the end of the production process to remove pollutants from the exhaust stream before it is released into the atmosphere. Catalytic converters, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers are examples of such technologies.

Catalytic converters work by converting harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides into less harmful substances like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen gas through chemical reactions.

Market-based air pollution control measures use economic incentives to encourage industries and facilities to reduce emissions. Emission trading involves the buying and selling of emission permits, allowing facilities with lower emissions to sell their unused permits to those with higher emissions.

Air quality monitoring networks are used to measure and assess the levels of air pollutants in the atmosphere. This information is used to track air quality trends, identify areas with poor air quality, and develop strategies to improve air quality.

Source-oriented air pollution control measures target specific sources of pollution. Technology-based standards require industries and facilities to use specific technologies or processes that meet certain emission limits.

Air pollution dispersion models are mathematical tools used to predict how air pollutants will move and disperse in the atmosphere. They are used to assess the impact of air pollution sources on air quality and to develop strategies to reduce emissions.

Voluntary air pollution control measures are agreements between industries, governments, and other stakeholders to reduce emissions without being legally required to do so.

Air pollution control permits are issued by regulatory authorities to authorize industries and facilities to emit air pollutants within specified limits. These permits ensure that emissions comply with air quality standards and regulations.

Regional air pollution control measures involve cooperation between multiple jurisdictions to address air pollution issues that cross boundaries. Emission trading is an example of a regional measure where emission permits can be traded between facilities in different regions.

Air pollution control regulations are legal requirements that set limits on the emission of air pollutants. These regulations aim to improve air quality and protect human health from the adverse effects of air pollution.

International air pollution control measures involve cooperation between countries to address transboundary air pollution issues. International agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol, aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change.