Establishing causal relationships

Identifying risk factors

Measuring disease frequency

Evaluating treatment effectiveness

A systematic error that leads to incorrect conclusions

A random error that affects the precision of results

A difference between the observed and expected results

A confounding factor that affects the relationship between exposure and outcome

Selection bias

Information bias

Confounding bias

Recall bias

A bias that occurs when a third factor is associated with both the exposure and the outcome

A bias that occurs when participants are not representative of the population of interest

A bias that occurs when information is collected inaccurately

A bias that occurs when participants recall information inaccurately

Selection bias

Information bias

Confounding bias

Recall bias

A bias that occurs when participants recall information inaccurately

A bias that occurs when participants are not representative of the population of interest

A bias that occurs when information is collected inaccurately

A bias that occurs when a third factor is associated with both the exposure and the outcome

Randomization

Matching

Stratification

Regression analysis

To assess the impact of bias on the results

To identify potential confounding factors

To evaluate the precision of the results

To determine the sample size needed for the study

Age

Gender

Socioeconomic status

Exposure to asbestos

Bias is a systematic error, while random error is a random error

Bias affects the accuracy of results, while random error affects the precision of results

Bias can be controlled for, while random error cannot be controlled for

All of the above

Only including participants who are already physically active

Only including participants who have a history of heart disease

Only including participants who are of a certain age group

Only including participants who live in a certain geographic area

To investigate the relationship between an exposure and a health outcome over time

To compare the incidence of a disease in two or more groups

To evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention

To identify risk factors for a disease

Participants misreporting their dietary intake

Researchers using inaccurate methods to measure dietary intake

Participants being unaware of the study's purpose

Researchers being biased in their interpretation of the results

A confounding factor is a third factor that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome, while an effect modifier is a third factor that changes the relationship between the exposure and the outcome

A confounding factor is a third factor that is associated with the exposure, while an effect modifier is a third factor that is associated with the outcome

A confounding factor is a third factor that changes the relationship between the exposure and the outcome, while an effect modifier is a third factor that is associated with both the exposure and the outcome

A confounding factor is a third factor that is associated with the outcome, while an effect modifier is a third factor that is associated with the exposure

To investigate the relationship between an exposure and a health outcome

To compare the incidence of a disease in two or more groups

To evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention

To identify risk factors for a disease