Cluster analysis is a technique used to group similar data points together based on their characteristics. It is commonly used in spatial analysis to identify patterns and relationships in geographic data.

A scatter plot is a graphical representation of the relationship between two variables. It shows how the values of one variable change in relation to the values of the other variable.

The t-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups. It is commonly used to compare the means of two independent groups or the means of two related groups.

A regression model is a statistical model that predicts the value of one variable (the dependent variable) based on the value of another variable (the independent variable). It is commonly used to make predictions about future events or to understand the relationship between two variables.

Agent-based modeling, system dynamics modeling, and cellular automata modeling are all common modeling approaches used in environmental geography to simulate the behavior of environmental systems. These approaches allow researchers to explore the interactions between different components of an environmental system and to predict how the system will respond to changes in environmental conditions.

A sensitivity analysis is a technique used to determine how sensitive a model is to changes in input parameters. It involves varying the values of input parameters and observing the corresponding changes in model outputs. This information can be used to identify the most important input parameters in the model and to assess the uncertainty of model predictions.

Comparing model outputs to observed data, using a sensitivity analysis, and calibrating the model are all common methods for validating a quantitative model. These methods help to ensure that the model is accurately representing the real-world system that it is simulating.

A spatial autocorrelation analysis is a technique used to identify patterns of spatial dependence in data. It can be used to test the significance of spatial relationships, to predict the value of a variable at a given location based on the values of neighboring locations, and to explore the factors that influence spatial patterns.

Inverse distance weighting, kriging, and splines are all common methods for interpolating data in environmental geography. These methods allow researchers to estimate the value of a variable at a given location based on the values of neighboring locations.

A Monte Carlo simulation is a technique used to generate random samples from a probability distribution. It can be used to estimate the uncertainty of model predictions, to validate a model, and to explore the sensitivity of a model to changes in input parameters.

Choropleth maps, dot maps, and isopleth maps are all common methods for visualizing spatial data. These maps allow researchers to represent the spatial distribution of a variable or phenomenon.

A time series analysis is a technique used to identify patterns and trends in time series data. It can be used to forecast future values of a time series, to test the significance of temporal relationships, and to explore the factors that influence temporal patterns.

Kernel density estimation, nearest neighbor analysis, and Ripley's K function are all common methods for analyzing spatial point data. These methods allow researchers to explore the spatial distribution of points and to identify patterns and relationships in the data.

A factor analysis is a technique used to identify patterns and relationships in multivariate data. It can be used to reduce the number of variables in a dataset, to identify the most important variables in a dataset, and to explore the underlying structure of the data.

K-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, and fuzzy clustering are all common methods for classifying spatial data. These methods allow researchers to group similar data points together based on their characteristics.