PIL in international law aims to safeguard the rights of individuals and groups, particularly those who are marginalized or vulnerable, by seeking legal remedies for violations of international law.

The principle of universal jurisdiction allows national courts to prosecute individuals for serious crimes, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, regardless of where the crimes were committed or the nationality of the accused.

PIL plays a multifaceted role in promoting international human rights law by enforcing treaties, providing legal aid, raising awareness, and advocating for the protection of human rights.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations and has jurisdiction to hear cases related to PIL, including disputes between states and cases involving the interpretation of international treaties.

PIL in international law faces challenges such as the lack of enforceability of international law, limited access to justice for marginalized communities, and political interference in judicial processes.

PIL can contribute to the prevention of international conflicts by promoting peaceful resolution of disputes, holding perpetrators of international crimes accountable, and strengthening the rule of law at the international level.

PIL plays a crucial role in addressing global environmental issues by providing legal remedies for environmental harms, promoting international cooperation on environmental protection, and raising awareness about environmental degradation.

PIL contributes to the protection of cultural heritage in international law by advocating for the preservation of cultural sites, seeking legal remedies for the destruction of cultural heritage, and promoting international cooperation on cultural heritage protection.

PIL plays a vital role in promoting corporate accountability for human rights violations by holding corporations liable for human rights abuses, providing legal remedies for victims, and raising awareness about the human rights responsibilities of corporations.

PIL contributes to the development of international law by creating new legal norms through judicial decisions, interpreting existing international law, and promoting the codification and progressive development of international law.

PIL faces limitations such as the lack of a comprehensive international legal framework, the limited resources available for PIL litigation, and the political and economic constraints faced by PIL lawyers.

PIL can be strengthened by increasing funding for PIL initiatives, promoting the development of international legal norms, and supporting the work of PIL lawyers and organizations.

PIL and the UN system have a mutually supportive relationship, with PIL being used to enforce UN resolutions, the UN providing resources and support for PIL initiatives, and the UN serving as a forum for PIL advocacy.

PIL contributes to the promotion of peace and security in the international community by addressing the root causes of conflict, providing legal remedies for victims of armed conflict, and promoting the peaceful resolution of disputes.

Emerging trends in PIL and international law include the increasing use of PIL to address climate change, the growing focus on corporate accountability for human rights abuses, and the development of international legal norms on the rights of indigenous peoples.