ZPG occurs when the birth rate and death rate are equal, resulting in no net change in population size.

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A zero chiasma frequency means that there is no genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes, resulting in the formation of gametes with identical genetic information.

Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles of a gene, resulting in a consistent expression of the trait associated with that gene.

In a cross between two heterozygous parents, the probability of obtaining a homozygous offspring is 25%, as determined by the Punnett square.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a state in which the allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation.

Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies due to chance events, particularly in small populations.

A dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual, masking the expression of the recessive allele.

The G2 checkpoint occurs before mitosis and verifies that DNA replication is complete and accurate.

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can support without degrading its resources.

Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis, leading to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic diversity.

Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles of a gene, resulting in a mixture of traits associated with those alleles.

Mutation is a spontaneous change in the DNA sequence, resulting in new genetic variations that can be inherited by offspring.

Natural increase is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, which determines whether a population is growing or declining.

The M checkpoint occurs during mitosis and ensures that the chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate before anaphase.