Neutron stars are formed when massive stars undergo a supernova explosion at the end of their lives. The intense gravitational forces during the explosion compress the core of the star, causing protons and electrons to combine to form neutrons.

Neutron stars typically have masses between 1.4 and 2.1 solar masses. This mass range is known as the Chandrasekhar limit, which represents the maximum mass a white dwarf can support before collapsing under its own gravity.

Neutron stars are primarily composed of neutrons, which are subatomic particles with no electric charge. The intense gravitational forces within the star compress the matter to such an extent that protons and electrons combine to form neutrons.

Neutron stars have incredibly small radii, typically ranging from 10 to 20 kilometers. Despite their compact size, they possess enormous masses, resulting in extremely high densities.

Neutron stars have extremely hot surfaces, with temperatures ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000 Kelvin. This intense heat is generated by the decay of radioactive elements and the compression of matter within the star.

Neutron stars possess incredibly strong magnetic fields, ranging from 10^8 to 10^12 Tesla. These magnetic fields are generated by the rapid rotation of the star and the movement of charged particles within its interior.

When the magnetic field of a neutron star interacts with its surroundings, it can produce a phenomenon known as a pulsar. Pulsars emit regular pulses of radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays as the magnetic field sweeps across the line of sight from Earth.

Neutron stars have incredibly fast rotation rates, with spin periods ranging from milliseconds to seconds. This rapid rotation is a result of the conservation of angular momentum during the collapse of the star's progenitor.

Neutron stars primarily derive their energy from gravitational energy. The intense gravitational forces within the star cause it to release energy in the form of radiation, including X-rays and gamma rays.

If the mass of a neutron star exceeds the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, which is approximately 2.1 solar masses, it will collapse under its own gravity and form a black hole.

The first discovered pulsar was PSR B1919+21, which was detected by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish in 1967. This discovery provided strong evidence for the existence of neutron stars.

The Vela Pulsar is a neutron star located in the constellation of Vela. It is one of the brightest pulsars in the sky and is known for its rapid rotation and powerful magnetic field.

The Crab Pulsar is a neutron star located in the center of the Crab Nebula. It is one of the most studied pulsars and is known for its bright X-ray and gamma-ray emissions.

Geminga is a neutron star located in the constellation of Gemini. It is a relatively faint pulsar and is known for its high-energy gamma-ray emissions.

PSR B1508+55 is a neutron star located in the constellation of Taurus. It is a binary pulsar system and is known for its precise timing and stability.