In many societies, education systems have been used to maintain and reinforce racial and ethnic hierarchies, often through the segregation of schools and the unequal distribution of resources.

While there have been some efforts to desegregate schools, racial and ethnic segregation in education remains a significant issue in many countries.

The overrepresentation of minorities in special education refers to the disproportionate placement of students from marginalized racial and ethnic groups in special education classes, often due to biases in assessment and placement practices.

While school choice policies may have some benefits, they can also exacerbate racial and ethnic segregation in education and lead to increased disparities in resources and outcomes.

The school-to-prison pipeline refers to the process by which students from marginalized racial and ethnic groups are disproportionately suspended, expelled, and referred to law enforcement, increasing their likelihood of involvement in the criminal justice system.

While a diverse and inclusive school environment can have many benefits, there is no direct causal relationship between diversity and lower rates of school dropout.

Educational inequality refers to the disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes between different racial and ethnic groups, including differences in access to quality education, graduation rates, and postsecondary attainment.

While racial and ethnic disparities in education can have many negative consequences, there is no direct causal relationship between education disparities and improved health outcomes.

The underrepresentation of minorities in gifted and talented programs refers to the disproportionate exclusion of students from marginalized racial and ethnic groups from these programs, often due to biases in identification and placement practices.

While school choice policies may have some benefits, they can also exacerbate racial and ethnic segregation in education and lead to increased disparities in resources and outcomes.

The overrepresentation of minorities in suspensions and expulsions refers to the disproportionate rate at which students from marginalized racial and ethnic groups are suspended or expelled from school, often due to biases in discipline practices.

While culturally responsive teaching can have many benefits, there is no direct causal relationship between culturally responsive teaching and lower rates of school dropout.

The underrepresentation of minorities in advanced placement and honors courses refers to the disproportionate exclusion of students from marginalized racial and ethnic groups from these courses, often due to biases in tracking and placement practices.

While racial and ethnic disparities in education can have many negative consequences, there is no direct causal relationship between education disparities and improved health outcomes.

The underrepresentation of minorities in gifted and talented programs refers to the disproportionate exclusion of students from marginalized racial and ethnic groups from these programs, often due to biases in identification and placement practices.