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The Nyaya School of Philosophy and its Theory of Justice

Description: The Nyaya School of Philosophy and its Theory of Justice
Number of Questions: 15
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Who is considered the founder of the Nyaya School of Philosophy?

  1. Gautama

  2. Kanada

  3. Kapila

  4. Patanjali


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Gautama is credited with founding the Nyaya School of Philosophy, which is one of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy.

What is the central concept of the Nyaya School's theory of justice?

  1. Dharma

  2. Artha

  3. Kama

  4. Moksha


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Dharma is the central concept of the Nyaya School's theory of justice. Dharma refers to the moral and ethical principles that govern human conduct and social order.

According to the Nyaya School, what are the four sources of dharma?

  1. Vedas, Smritis, Sadachara, and Atman

  2. Vedas, Smritis, Puranas, and Itihasas

  3. Vedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas, and Aranyakas

  4. Vedas, Smritis, Nyaya Sutras, and Vaisheshika Sutras


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The Nyaya School recognizes four sources of dharma: Vedas (sacred texts), Smritis (legal texts), Sadachara (customary practices), and Atman (inner conscience).

What is the role of the state in upholding dharma, according to the Nyaya School?

  1. The state should enforce dharma through laws and punishments.

  2. The state should promote dharma through education and moral guidance.

  3. The state should protect dharma from external threats and influences.

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Nyaya School believes that the state has a multifaceted role in upholding dharma. It should enforce dharma through laws and punishments, promote dharma through education and moral guidance, and protect dharma from external threats and influences.

What is the concept of 'Nyaya' in the Nyaya School of Philosophy?

  1. Justice

  2. Logic

  3. Ethics

  4. Metaphysics


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Nyaya, in the Nyaya School of Philosophy, primarily refers to logic and reasoning. It is a system of formal logic that aims to establish principles of valid reasoning and argumentation.

What is the significance of 'Pramanas' in the Nyaya School's theory of knowledge?

  1. They are sources of valid knowledge.

  2. They are methods of reasoning.

  3. They are objects of knowledge.

  4. They are categories of reality.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Pramanas, in the Nyaya School's epistemology, are sources of valid knowledge. They are means through which reliable and true knowledge can be acquired.

Which of the following is NOT a Pramana, according to the Nyaya School?

  1. Perception

  2. Inference

  3. Comparison

  4. Testimony


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Comparison is not considered a Pramana in the Nyaya School's theory of knowledge. The four Pramanas recognized by the Nyaya School are Perception, Inference, Testimony, and Non-apprehension.

What is the Nyaya School's view on the relationship between dharma and artha?

  1. Dharma is superior to artha.

  2. Artha is superior to dharma.

  3. Dharma and artha are equally important.

  4. Dharma and artha are unrelated.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The Nyaya School holds that dharma is superior to artha (material prosperity). While artha is important for human well-being, it should not be pursued at the expense of dharma.

What is the concept of 'Purushartha' in the Nyaya School of Philosophy?

  1. The four goals of human life.

  2. The four stages of human life.

  3. The four castes of human society.

  4. The four elements of the universe.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Purushartha refers to the four goals of human life according to the Nyaya School: Dharma (righteousness), Artha (material prosperity), Kama (pleasure), and Moksha (liberation).

Which of the following is NOT considered a Purushartha in the Nyaya School?

  1. Dharma

  2. Artha

  3. Kama

  4. Jnana


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Jnana (knowledge) is not considered a Purushartha in the Nyaya School. The four Purusharthas are Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha.

What is the Nyaya School's stance on the concept of free will?

  1. Humans have free will and are responsible for their actions.

  2. Humans do not have free will and their actions are predetermined.

  3. Free will is an illusion and all actions are ultimately determined by karma.

  4. The concept of free will is irrelevant in the context of dharma.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The Nyaya School upholds the concept of free will and individual responsibility. It believes that humans have the ability to make choices and are accountable for the consequences of their actions.

How does the Nyaya School's theory of justice address the issue of social inequality?

  1. It advocates for the abolition of social hierarchies and the establishment of a classless society.

  2. It promotes social mobility and encourages individuals to rise through the ranks based on their merit.

  3. It justifies social inequality as a natural and inevitable aspect of human society.

  4. It focuses on individual dharma and does not address social inequality directly.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The Nyaya School does not advocate for the abolition of social hierarchies but believes in the possibility of social mobility. It encourages individuals to strive for upward mobility based on their merit and virtuous actions.

What is the Nyaya School's view on the role of punishment in a just society?

  1. Punishment should be retributive, aimed at inflicting pain on the offender.

  2. Punishment should be deterrent, aimed at preventing future crimes.

  3. Punishment should be reformative, aimed at rehabilitating the offender.

  4. Punishment should be a combination of all three purposes.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Nyaya School believes that punishment should serve multiple purposes: retribution, deterrence, and reformation. It recognizes the need for both retributive justice to address the harm caused by the crime and rehabilitative justice to prevent future offenses.

How does the Nyaya School's theory of justice address the issue of distributive justice?

  1. It advocates for an equal distribution of resources among all members of society.

  2. It promotes a meritocratic system where resources are distributed based on individual effort and contribution.

  3. It supports a system of social welfare where resources are allocated to those in need.

  4. It does not explicitly address the issue of distributive justice.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Nyaya School does not provide a comprehensive theory of distributive justice. It primarily focuses on individual dharma and the consequences of one's actions, rather than addressing the broader issue of resource allocation in society.

What is the ultimate goal of human existence, according to the Nyaya School?

  1. To achieve material prosperity and worldly success.

  2. To fulfill one's dharma and attain moksha (liberation).

  3. To experience sensual pleasures and indulge in worldly desires.

  4. To gain knowledge and intellectual enlightenment.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The ultimate goal of human existence, according to the Nyaya School, is to fulfill one's dharma and attain moksha. Moksha is the state of liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and it is achieved through righteous conduct, self-realization, and the eradication of ignorance.

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